    .. include:: ../../common/roles.rst

Polish
######

*This document uses standard Polish pronunciation.*

The direction of writing is upward (:tengwa:`⸬`).

The alphabet
============

- a :tengwa:``, e.g. adam [adam] :tengwa:``;
- ą
    - before ‘g’ :tengwa:``, e.g. krąg [krɔŋk] :tengwa:``;
    - medially :tengwa:``, e.g. dąb [dɔmp] :tengwa:``;
    - finally :tengwa:``, e.g. krą [krɔ̃w̃] :tengwa:``;
- b :tengwa:``, e.g. brat [brat] :tengwa:``;
- c :tengwa:``, e.g. cud [t͡sut] :tengwa:``;
- ć :tengwa:``, e.g. ćma [t͡ɕma] :tengwa:``;
- ci
    - when not palatalised :tengwa:``, e.g. cis (c-sharp) [t͡sis] :tengwa:``;
    - before vowels :tengwa:``, e.g. ciasto [t͡ɕastɔ] :tengwa:``;
    - before consonants or at the end of words :tengwa:``, e.g. cisnąć [t͡ɕisnɔ̃ɲt͡ɕ] :tengwa:``;
- cz :tengwa:``, e.g. czosnek [t͡ʃɔsnɛk] :tengwa:``;
- ch :tengwa:``, e.g. chleb [xlɛp] :tengwa:``;
- d :tengwa:``, e.g. drwal [drval] :tengwa:``;
- dz
    - when pronounced separately :tengwa:``, e.g. nadzór [nadzur] :tengwa:``;
    - when pronounced as [d͡z] :tengwa:``, e.g. dzwon [d͡zvɔ̃n] :tengwa:``;
- dż
    - when pronounced separately :tengwa:``, e.g. odżyć [ɔḍʒɨʨ̑] :tengwa:``;
    - when pronounced as [d͡ʒ] :tengwa:``, e.g. dżem [d͡ʒɛ̃m] :tengwa:``;
- drz :tengwa:``, e.g. drzwi [ḍ͡ʒvʲi] :tengwa:``;
- dź :tengwa:``, e.g. dźwięk [d͡ʑvʲjɛ̃ŋk] :tengwa:``;
- dzi
    - when pronounced as [dʑ] :tengwa:``, e.g. podziemie [] :tengwa:``;
    - when not palatalised :tengwa:``, e.g. dzi [d͡zi] :tengwa:``;
    - before vowels :tengwa:``, e.g. dziać [d͡ʑät͡ɕ] :tengwa:``;
    - before consonants or at the end of words :tengwa:``, e.g. dziwny [d͡ʑivnɨ] :tengwa:``;
- e :tengwa:``, e.g. elegant [ɛlɛɡãnt] :tengwa:``;
- ę
    - before ‘g’ :tengwa:``, e.g. Węgry [vɛ̃ŋɡrɨ] :tengwa:``;
    - medially :tengwa:``, e.g. mięso [mʲjɛ̃w̃sɔ] :tengwa:``;
    - finally :tengwa:``, e.g. idę [idɛ] :tengwa:`` (if there is need to emphasise final „ę”—e.g. to distinguish first person from third person—:tengwa:`` can be used instead. Consider „ja maluję, on maluje.” :tengwa:` ⸱   :`)
- f :tengwa:``, e.g. fizyka [fʲizɨka] :tengwa:``;
- g :tengwa:``, e.g. groch [ɡrɔx] :tengwa:``;
- h :tengwa:``, e.g. hałas [xawas] :tengwa:``;
- i :tengwa:``, e.g. irys [irɨs] :tengwa:``;
- j :tengwa:``, e.g. język [jɛ̃w̃zɨk] :tengwa:``;
- k :tengwa:``, e.g. kurs [kurs] :tengwa:``;
- l :tengwa:``, e.g. laweta [lavɛta] :tengwa:``;
- ł :tengwa:``, e.g. łyżka [wɨʃka] :tengwa:``;
- m :tengwa:``, e.g. miasto [mʲjastɔ] :tengwa:``;
- ń :tengwa:``, e.g. pań [pãɲ] :tengwa:``;
- ni
    - when not palatalised :tengwa:``, e.g. ni! (what knights said) [ni] :tengwa:``;
    - before vowels :tengwa:``, e.g. nieść [ɲɛ̇ɕt͡ɕ] :tengwa:``;
    - before consonants or at the end of words :tengwa:``, e.g. niż [ɲiʃ] :tengwa:``;
- o :tengwa:``, e.g. okno [ɔknɔ] :tengwa:``;
- ó :tengwa:``, e.g. ósemka [usɛ̃mka] :tengwa:``;
- p :tengwa:``, e.g. przód [pʃut] :tengwa:``;
- r
    - before vowels :tengwa:``, e.g. raz [ras] :tengwa:``;
    - before consonants or at the end of words :tengwa:``, e.g. rżeć [rʒɛt͡ɕ] :tengwa:``;
- rz
    - [ż] :tengwa:``, e.g. rzeka [ʒɛka] :tengwa:``;
    - [rz] :tengwa:``, e.g. marznąć [marznɔ̃ɲt͡ɕ] :tengwa:``;
- s :tengwa:``/:tengwa:``, e.g. ssak [sːak] :tengwa:``;
- ś :tengwa:``, e.g. ślimak [ɕlʲĩmak] :tengwa:``;
- si
    - when not palatalised :tengwa:``, e.g. sinusoida [sʲĩnusɔjda] :tengwa:``;
    - before vowels :tengwa:``, e.g. siedzenie [ɕɛd͡zɛ̃ɲɛ] :tengwa:``;
    - before consonants or at the end of words :tengwa:``, e.g. siny [ɕĩnɨ] :tengwa:``;
- sz :tengwa:``, e.g. szkoła [ʃkɔwa] :tengwa:``;
- t :tengwa:``, e.g. twarz [tfaʃ] :tengwa:``;
- u :tengwa:``, e.g. urobek [urɔbɛk] :tengwa:``;
- w :tengwa:``, e.g. wino [vʲĩnɔ] :tengwa:``;
- y :tengwa:``, e.g. buty [butɨ] :tengwa:``;
- z :tengwa:``/:tengwa:``, e.g. zrobione [zrɔbʲɔnɛ] :tengwa:``;
- ź :tengwa:``, e.g. źrebak [ʑrɛbak] :tengwa:``;
- zi
    - when not palatalised :tengwa:``, e.g. zibi (a certain name) [zibʲi] :tengwa:``;
    - before vowels :tengwa:``, e.g. ziarno [ʑarnɔ] :tengwa:``;
    - before consonants or at the end of words :tengwa:``, e.g. zima [ʑima] :tengwa:``;
- ż :tengwa:``, e.g. życie [ʐɨt͡ɕɛ] :tengwa:``;

Pronunciation rules
===================

Voiced and unvoiced consonants
------------------------------

- final voiced consonants always stay voiced when they are not unvoiced in a cluster; e.g. sąd [sɔnt] :tengwa:`` and prawd [pravd] :tengwa:``, but lichw [lʲixf] :tengwa:``
- within the limits of one syllable, when voiced consonants become unvoiced in pronunciation—in cluster voiced – unvoiced—they also become unvoiced in writing; e.g. przy-czy-na [pʂɨ.t͡ʂɨ.na] :tengwa:``
- when voiced consonants become unvoiced in pronunciation—in cluster voiced – unvoiced—at boundaries of syllables, only „w”, „z”, „ż”, and „rz” become unvoiced e.g. ow-szem [ɔf.ʂɛm] :tengwa:`` but od-two-rzyć [ɔt.tfɔ.ʒɨt͡ɕ] :tengwa:``
- when unvoiced consonants become voiced in pronunciation, they also become voiced in writing; e.g. jakże [jaɡʒɛ] :tengwa:``

Gemination
----------

When two same sounds are geminated in pronunciation, they are also geminated in writing. This usually means two same letters standing next to to each other, but not always – consider „zza” [zːa] :tengwa:`` but rozziew [rɔzʑɛv] :tengwa:``

One tricky example of the above rules is „miąższ”. „ż” should become unvoiced and so make „sz” geminated but this particular word is pronounced [mʲjɔ̃w̃ʃ] and written :tengwa:``

-i, -ii, -ij
------------

Words ending with „-ia”, „-ja”, „-ea” in nominative change endings to „-i”, „-ii”, or „-ji” in genitive, dative, and locative in Polish grammar. As the rules are not based on pronunciation, in Kaurselyle’u there are only two rules:

1. after „c”, „dz”, „s”, and „z” the ending „-ja” becomes „-ji”,
2. otherwise, the ending is „-i”.

Note a tricky case of „żmija”. The stem of this word is „żmi” and ending „-ja” which inflects into „-i”. As a result the inflected word is „żmii” which ends with double „i” but the inflected ending is just „-i”.

.. Foreign names
.. -------------

.. todo foreign names with polish endings: Bacha, Harry’ego -> Harrego, Desplata -> Desplat

Examples
========

Universal Declaration of Human Rights
-------------------------------------

:tengwa:`⸬               :               ⸬`

Wszyscy ludzie rodzą się wolni i równi pod względem swej godności i swych praw. Są oni obdarzeni rozumem i sumieniem i powinni postępować wobec innych w duchu braterstwa.

[fʂɨst͡sɨ lud͡ʑɛ rɔd͡zɔ̃ ɕɛ̃ vɔlɲi i ruvɲi pɔt vzɡlɛndɛ̃m sfɛj ɡɔdnɔɕt͡ɕi i sfɨx praf. sɔ̃ ɔɲi ɔbdaʒɛɲi rɔzumɛm i sumʲɛɲɛm i pɔvʲĩɲːi pɔ.stɛmˈpɔ.vat͡ɕ vɔ.bɛt͡s in.nɨx v duxu bratɛrstfa.]
